Open Access Articles

For Selected: Download Citations EndNote Ris BibTeX Toggle Thumbnails

2020, Vol.6, No.4

Select

Mate selection among online daters in Shanghai: Why does education matter? Siqi Xiao, Yue Qian Chinese journal of sociology    2020, 6 (4): 521-546.   DOI: 10.1177/2057150X20957422 Abstract （273）   HTML PDF（pc） （296KB）（182）    Knowledge map    Save Prior studies of assortative mating have shown that people tend to marry someone of the same educational level, but why individuals value a mate’s education and the process of mate selection itself remain a black box in predominantly quantitative studies. With online dating’s growing popularity, research needs to examine how online daters navigate dating markets given educational preferences they hold and “freedom of choice” offered by technologies. This study aims to investigate individuals’ educational preferences and how educational preferences shape mate selection processes in online dating. In-depth interviews were conducted with 29 university-educated, heterosexual online daters (13 men, 16 women) in Shanghai. Data were analyzed through a combination of abductive and inductive coding strategies. Results showed that both educational levels and university prestige were primary mate selection criteria in online dating. Both genders considered educational sorting essential for achieving cultural matching, but only men emphasized the importance of spouse’s education for their future children’s education. Furthermore, guided by their educational preferences, online daters deliberately chose dating platforms and screened dating candidates. We argue that online daters’ emphasis on university prestige is rooted in China’s hierarchical higher education system, and gendered rationales for educational preferences stem from ingrained gender roles in Chinese families. Seemingly “personal” preferences are therefore shaped by cultural norms and institutional contexts. Moreover, results suggest that online dating may reinforce social closure among China’s educational elites. Related Articles | Metrics

2020, Vol.6, No.3

Select

Case studies towards the analysis of total social construction Jingdong Qu Chinese journal of sociology    2020, 6 (3): 457-493.   DOI: 10.1177/2057150X20942969 Abstract （829）   HTML PDF（pc） （235KB）（105）    Knowledge map    Save Case study is an irreplaceable sociological strategy for research on social construction. Different from either hypothesis tests or descriptive accounts of social life, case study aims to make a long chain of interpretations from a typical case to the construction of the whole society, by linkages of concrete people, conditions, and situations in a case with other related social, political, and cultural elements all the way through. In other words, the case is not only influenced by the policies made by central or local governments at different levels, but also located in grassroots customs and mores at the bottom. To find these multiple relations horizontally and vertically clustered in a case study, various methods of -graphy must be used, such as geography, cartography, demography, historiography, biography, autobiography, lexicography, and, finally, ethnography. At the same time, however, all these elements and their relations should be activated by eventalization having happened in daily life. Through the types of stimulation of abnormal processes or sublimation of normal rituals in eventalization, the complicated, correlative, and sustainable relationships among social elements are presented as many social mechanisms in different dimensions. On all accounts, the whole scene of society will be opened out as a solid structure by the various points (events), lines (linkages), and plane (mechanism) in three dimensions. As Max Weber said, ‘The causal relations in sociological research would be satisfied as a special explanatory demonstration’. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

The measure of Chinese religions: Denomination-based or deity-based? Chunni Zhang, Yunfeng Lu Chinese journal of sociology    2020, 6 (3): 410-426.   DOI: 10.1177/2057150X20925312 Abstract （787）   HTML PDF（pc） （174KB）（104）    Knowledge map    Save In the past two decades, scholars have devoted much attention to the measure of Chinese religions, mainly using the scheme based on denominational affiliation, which is the most common approach to religious classification in western societies. However, the denomination-based scheme cannot capture the actual religious life of China. We point out four challenges this scheme encounters in survey research in China: the foreignness of the Chinese term ‘religion’ (Zongjiao); the misconception of denominational affiliation; the inapplicability of compulsory, one-single-choice religion; and the social or political sensitivity of specific religions, especially Protestantism. After critiquing the traditional scheme used to measure Chinese religions, we offer a new approach that addresses its shortcomings. Our revised approach attempts to research belief without using the term ‘religion’, focuses on belief in deities rather than on denominational affiliation, and allows multiple answers to the question about religious beliefs. In order to compare the denomination-based scheme with the deity-based scheme, we conducted experiments in the three waves of the China Family Panel Studies in 2012, 2014, and 2016. Our results show that the deity-based scheme yields more meaningful interpretations and more accuracy in religious classification than the denomination-based scheme in China. This article ends with some suggestions for improving the measurement of Chinese religion in future survey research studies. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Confronting puzzles in understanding Chinese family change: A personal reflection Martin King Whyte Chinese journal of sociology    2020, 6 (3): 339-363.   DOI: 10.1177/2057150X20941363 Abstract （708）   HTML PDF（pc） （318KB）（67）    Knowledge map    Save I present an overview of selected findings from four major research projects I conducted earlier in my career that were designed to describe and explain the patterns of continuity and change in family patterns in the People’s Republic of China: an examination of rural family patterns carried out through refugee interviewing in Hong Kong in 1972–1974; a parallel examination of urban family patterns carried out through Hong Kong refugee interviews in 1977–1978; an examination of the transformation from arranged to free-choice marriages conducted through a survey in Chengdu, Sichuan, in 1987; and an examination of patterns of intergenerational relationships carried out through a 1994 survey in Baoding, Hebei. The latter two projects included comparisons with the findings of earlier surveys of family behavior in urban Taiwan. Each project yielded findings that did not fit prevailing theories of family change, and in my efforts to explain puzzling findings, I ended up emphasizing the impact on families of the specific local institutions produced by China’s socialist transformation in the 1950s. Even though many of these institutional arrangements have been altered in the reform era, I argue that in certain realms of family life, the impact of pre-reform decades can still be seen in family patterns in recent times. Related Articles | Metrics

2020, Vol.6, No.2

Select

Gender differences in educational outcomes and the effect of family background: A comparative perspective from East Asia Hideo Akabayashi, Kayo Nozaki, Shiho Yukawa, Wangyang Li Chinese journal of sociology    2020, 6 (2): 315-335.   DOI: 10.1177/2057150X20912581 Abstract （304）   HTML PDF（pc） （300KB）（118）    Knowledge map    Save There is wide variation in the degree of gender gap in test scores around the world, suggesting the strong influence of institutions, culture and inequality. We present comparative evidence on the gender gap in educational achievement in China, Japan, and the USA, with an emphasis on the gender-specific effect of parental income and education, and the child’s own preferences for study subjects. We used three major national representative longitudinal surveys with rich information about cognitive outcome measures of respondent children as well as educational investment and parental socio-economic status that allow us to analyze their inter-relationship. We found that low household income tends to have more adverse effects on language test scores for boys than for girls in the USA, as is consistent with previous studies. However, it does not have an impact on gender gap in test scores in China and tends to affect girls more adversely than boys in Japan. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

A comparative analysis of children’s time use and educational achievement: Assessing evidence from China, Japan and the United States Ryosuke Nakamura, Jun Yamashita, Hideo Akabayashi, Teruyuki Tamura, Yang Zhou Chinese journal of sociology    2020, 6 (2): 257-285.   DOI: 10.1177/2057150X20911871 Abstract （334）   HTML PDF（pc） （1041KB）（68）    Knowledge map    Save Various forms of empirical evidence suggest that parental socioeconomic status (SES) is strongly related to educational outcomes and many countries attempt to close achievement gaps among children. Parenting practice is one important mechanism through which educational inequality emerges across families with different SES. In this paper, we show that the class gap in children’s time use and academic achievements reflects parenting styles and parental practices stratified by parental SES by comparatively investigating the cases of China, Japan, and the USA, drawing on three sets of nationally representative longitudinal data. We find that for children aged 10–15 in China, parental SES has a strong impact on children's homework time and academic performance. Similar patterns are found in the results of 10–15-year-old children in Japan; however, homework time more weakly relates to the parents' education level. Moreover, restricting the samples to 14-year-old children and comparing the three countries, we find that the test score gap among parental SES is the largest in the USA; to fill the gap in math test scores between the first and fourth income quartiles, a sizable number of additional hours spent on homework are needed in the USA, compared to China and Japan. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Social inequality in child educational development in China Airan Liu, Wangyang Li, Yu Xie Chinese journal of sociology    2020, 6 (2): 219-238.   DOI: 10.1177/2057150X20912157 Abstract （285）   HTML PDF（pc） （469KB）（72）    Knowledge map    Save Nearly all past studies on educational inequality have examined the relationship between family and children’s educational achievement in western countries. Very few have examined this question in other social contexts, such as China. This article investigates differences in factors that influence children’s development between China and western countries. Capitalizing on recent national representative data, we extend previous studies by using more recent data and considering different measurements of educational outcomes. Our findings show that structural forces, such as hukou and residence, are more important than family and individual characteristics in China for influencing children’s educational outcomes; and that family non-monetary resources such as expectations and parenting practices are more important than family monetary resources such as income, for children’s educational achievement. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Parental resources and child well-being in East Asia: An overview James M Raymo, Hao Dong Chinese journal of sociology    2020, 6 (2): 197-218.   DOI: 10.1177/2057150X20908093 Abstract （304）   HTML PDF（pc） （257KB）（184）    Knowledge map    Save The papers in this special issue use newly available panel data and data from the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) to examine linkages between parental resources and children’s outcomes in China, Japan, and Korea. Specific foci of the papers include regional differences, non-monetary resources, shadow education, gender differences, and the proximity of grandparents. Results demonstrate that, as in western societies, parental education and income are positively associated with child well-being and development in East Asia, but distinctive contextual features contribute to variation in these relationships. It is also clear from the findings that relationships between parental resources and child outcomes are more complicated than suggested by simple emphases on economic inequality and the relative success of children from rich and poor families. Together, these papers contribute a much needed geographic extension to the large cross-national literature on parental resources and children’s well-being. The findings provide a valuable empirical basis for assessing the role of context and understanding similarities and differences within East Asia and between the East and West. Related Articles | Metrics

2020, Vol.6, No.1

Select

Three faces of the online leftists: An exploratory study based on case observations and big-data analysis Yong Gui, Ronggui Huang, Yi Ding Chinese journal of sociology    2020, 6 (1): 67-101.   DOI: 10.1177/2057150X19896537 Abstract （694）   HTML PDF（pc） （560KB）（107）    Knowledge map    Save Left-leaning social thoughts are not a unitary and coherent theoretical system, and leftists can be divided into divergent groups. Based on inductive qualitative observations, this article proposes a theoretical typology of two dimensions of theoretical resources and position orientations to describe left-wing social thoughts communicated in online space. Empirically, we used a mixed approach, an integration of case observations and big-data analyses of Weibo tweets, to investigate three types of left-leaning social thoughts. The identified left-leaning social thoughts include state-centered leftism, populist leftism, and liberal leftism, which are consistent with the proposed theoretical typology. State-centered leftism features strong support of the state and the current regime and a negative attitude toward the West, populist leftism is characterized by unequivocal affirmation of the revolutionary legacy and support for disadvantaged grassroots, and liberal leftism harbors a grassroots position and a decided affirmation of individual rights. In addition, we used supervised machine learning and social network analysis techniques to identify online communities that harbor the afore-mentioned left-leaning social thoughts and analyzed the interaction patterns within and across communities as well as the evolutions of community structures. We found that during the study period of 2012–2014, the liberal leftists gradually declined and the corresponding communities dissolved; the interactions between populist leftists and state-centered leftists intensified, and the ideational cleavage between these two camps increased the online confrontations. This article demonstrates that the mixed method approach of integrating traditional methods with big-data analytics has enormous potential in the sub-discipline of digital sociology. Related Articles | Metrics

2019, Vol.5, No.2

Select

Intergenerational co-residence during later life in Europe and China Tom Emery, Pearl A. Dykstra and Maja Djundeva Chinese Journal of Society    2019, 5 (2): 241-259.   DOI: 10.1177/2057150X19838031 Abstract （147）   PDF    Knowledge map    Save Individuals in China are much more likely than Europeans to live with their adult children during later life. In this paper, we examine the extent to which this holds true across the diverse contexts and circumstances faced by Europeans and Chinese.We use comparative data from the Survey for Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe and the China Family Panel Studies to examine cross-national differences in whom adults in later life choose to live with.We find that in rural China and among urban migrants there is a tendency to live with higher-educated children, whilst among urban Chinese and Europeans, individuals live with those with lower education levels. We also find that in Europe there is only a small preference for living with male adult children, whilst across China this preference is much stronger. However, we also note that this preference is weakest in urban China. These findings indicate strong differences in co-residence patterns between China and Europe, but also some similarities between specific subpopulations. We explain these differences and similarities using a social policy framework. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Trends in educational mobility: How does China compare to Europe and the United States? Rob J Gruijters, Tak Wing Chan and John Ermisch Chinese Journal of Society    2019, 5 (2): 214-240.   DOI: 10.1177/2057150X19835145 Abstract （142）   PDF    Knowledge map    Save Despite an impressive rise in school enrolment rates over the past few decades, there are concerns about growing inequality of educational opportunity in China. In this article, we examine the level and trend of educational mobility in China, and compare them to the situation in Germany, the Netherlands, the UK and the USA. Educational mobility is defined as the association between parents' and children's educational attainment. We show that China's economic boom has been accompanied by a large decline in relative educational mobility chances, as measured by odds ratios. To elaborate, relative rates of educational mobility in China were, by international standards, quite high for those who grew up under state socialism. For the most recent cohorts, however, educational mobility rates have dropped to levels that are comparable to those of European countries, although they are still higher than the US level. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

The transition to adulthood in China, Germany and the US: Prevalence and timing in private and professional life Barbara E. Fulda, Bernhard Nauck and Qiang Ren Chinese Journal of Society    2019, 5 (2): 193-213.   DOI: 10.1177/2057150X19838728 Abstract （156）   PDF    Knowledge map    Save We explore cross-country differences in the transition to adulthood between China, Germany, and the USA. Using large-scale panel studies, we examine the timing of leaving the parental home, first marriage and first parenthood. For those born between 1933 and 1988, we observe a delay in the timing of first marriage in all three societies. But the delay is steeper in the USA than in Germany and China. The age at first childbirth is increasing in all three countries. By age 30, most individuals in China have married their first partner and become parents, whereas in the USA and Germany less than half of the population have experienced one of these events. There are large differences in educational and employment trajectories between the urban and rural populations in China, less so in the USA, whereas almost no differences are observed in Germany. The three countries are alike in the proportion of individuals who have left the parental home by age 30. In all three countries, individuals without tertiary qualifications are more likely to have experienced all three events by age 30. But with regard to first marriage, a larger share of higher-educated individuals get married by the age of 30 in the USA, whereas in China it is the less educated who are more likely to get married. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

The influences of family background and structural factors on children's academic performances: A cross-country comparative study Mengjie Lyu, Wangyang Li and Yu Xie Chinese Journal of Society    2019, 5 (2): 173-192.   DOI: 10.1177/2057150X19837908 Abstract （277）   PDF    Knowledge map    Save It is well known that children's academic performances are affected by both their family backgrounds and contextual or structural factors such as the urban-rural difference and regional variation. This article evaluates the relative importance of family background versus structural factors in determining children's academic achievements across three different societies: China, the United States of America, and Germany, analyzing data from five large-scale, high-quality, and nationally representative data sets. The results reveal two main findings: (a) family socioeconomic status exerts much stronger positive effects on children's academic achievement in the USA and Germany than in China; and (b) structural factors (such as those measured by location and urban/rural residence) play much smaller roles in the USA and Germany than in China. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Family dynamics in China and Europe in the last half-century Maja Djundeva, Pearl A. Dykstra and Tom Emery Chinese Journal of Society    2019, 5 (2): 143-172.   DOI: 10.1177/2057150X19836368 Abstract （147）   PDF    Knowledge map    Save This review offers a joint perspective on Chinese and European key demographic trends in the family domain, emphasising the impact of macro-level social structures and institutions on individual life courses. We outline key demographic shifts across the Netherlands, Germany, the UK and China in the period after the 'golden age of the welfare state' in Europe and the 'post-reform' era in China (after the 1970s). Several empirical trends are highlighted, with a focus on: rising inequality in China and persistent inequality in Europe; the traditional family sequence in China and de-standardization of life courses in Europe; ending with similarities between countries in population aging and differences in later life courses with regards to intergenerational transfers.We draw upon a range of theoretical frameworks to argue that trends in marriage, fertility and intergenerational relationships reflect tensions between rapid social and economic changes and discuss the limitations of modernisation theories and the second demographic transition. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Introduction to the special issue on 'Life course and family dynamics in a comparative perspective' Tak Wing Chan Chinese Journal of Society    2019, 5 (2): 141-142.   DOI: 10.1177/2057150X19840253 Abstract （163）   PDF（pc） （71KB）（131）    Knowledge map    Save The five papers included in this special issue of the Chinese Journal of Sociology come from a collaborative research project called 'Life course and family dynamics in a comparative perspective' (for details, see http://csr.pku.edu.cn/EN/ AcademicResearch/station/jianjie/). This project involves researchers from China, Germany, the Netherlands and the UK. They are generously supported by the research councils of the four countries: the National Science Foundation of China (award number: 71461137001), the German Science Foundation (award number: NA164/19-1), the Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (award number: 467-14-152) and the UK's Economic and Social Research Council (award numbers: ES/L015927/1 and ES/L015927/2). Broadly speaking, each of the four teams focuses on one stage of the life course: the Chinese team is concerned with child development; the German team examines the transition to adulthood; the UK team investigates economic inequality in the prime working age; and the Dutch team looks at family relationships, health and support at older age. Despite the different foci, the four teams are united in their analytical approach. We all use large-scale, high-quality and nationally representative data to address our research questions from a comparative angle. The main data sets that serve as the anchors of our research are the China Family Panel Survey, the (German) Socio-economic Panel, the Netherlands Kinship Panel Study and (the UK) Understanding Society. Where appropriate, we also bring in other comparative cases (most importantly, the USA) and/or other data sources, including the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, the German Family Panel and the European Social Surveys. To summarise very briefly the five papers included here, in the first paper, Djundeva, Dykstra and Emery set the scene by giving a wide-ranging overview of the basic demographic trends and family patterns in the four countries. In the second paper, Lyu, Li and Xie examine the determinants of academic achievement in China, Germany and the USA. They show that parental education plays a much bigger role in Germany and the USA than in China. As regards macro socialstructural factors, such as region and the rural-urban contrast, their impact on children's test scores is much larger in China than in Germany or the USA. In the third paper, Fulda, Nauck and Ren use both census and survey data to compare the timing of first marriage and parenthood in China, Germany and the USA, and relate these patterns to the educational experience of young people in the three countries. In the fourth paper, Gruijters, Chan and Ermisch are concerned with intergenerational educational mobility. They show that the strength of the association between parents’ and children's educational attainment has stayed broadly the same over cohorts in Germany, the Netherlands, the UK and the USA. In China, however, the chance of educational mobility has declined steadily and significantly across cohorts. Finally, Emery, Dykstra and Djundeva use data collected in the Survey for Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) and the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) to look at the determinants of intergenerational coresidence in Europe and in China. They reveal not only strong differences between China and Europe, but also important differences within China and within Europe too.Finally, Emery, Dykstra and Djundeva use data collected in the Survey for Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) and the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) to look at the determinants of intergenerational coresidence in Europe and in China. They reveal not only strong differences between China and Europe, but also important differences within China and within Europe too. The five papers in this special issue are just a part of the outputs of our collaborative work. Other publications can be found on the project website. Finally, I should add that our collaborative research project involves a large number of Chinese scholars, many of whom are early career researchers. Apart from those who are co-authors of the papers included here, they include Jingwei Hu, Zheng Mu, Hongwei Xu, Qi Xu, Jia Yu, Chunni Zhang and Xiaobo Zhang. We treasure our interactions with them and are very grateful to them for guiding us through the intricacies of the China Family Panel Survey. Related Articles | Metrics

2019, Vol.5, No.1

Select

Constructing the idea of organization: Thought self-checks and the organizational review of cadres (1952-1960) Jing Zhang Chinese Journal of Society    2019, 5 (1): 80-98.   DOI: 10.1177/2057150X18803581 Abstract （307）   PDF    Knowledge map    Save This paper explores the history of state power construction, focusing on the period of regime change and how the state constructed a new governance structure, according to the ideological examinations, work reports, year-end summaries, and organization and examination reports of some cadres in the 1950s. The focus of the article is an attempt to understand how the state constructed a new governance structure during this period of regime change. This paper shows the state used its unique organizational power to carry out a series of administrative activities for cadres and groups: cadres took turns laboring, carrying out self-thinking clean-ups, and organizing the group to exchange learning activities and to implement and systematically organize the trial and handling procedures, the trial of the cadres of the ideological performance of the classification, the formation of written records, and the establishment of a new assessment approach to cadre behavior to institutionalize the organization of personnel work. These processes laid the foundations for the initial institutionalization of the cadre selection and management system, followed by the development of principles that have been consolidated and refined. The obvious effect of this process was that the new behavior requirements and employment standards became widely practiced by urban cadres, the new standards were used to shape the cadres' own concerns and work ethics, and the cadres and new organizations were gradually constructed. These activities not only established organizational governance authority, but have also had a far-reaching influence on the behavior of cadres and their overall characteristics in terms of expression. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Network fields, cultural identities and labor rights communities: Big data analytics with topic model and community detection Ronggui Huang Chinese Journal of Society    2019, 5 (1): 3-28.   DOI: 10.1177/2057150X18820500 Abstract （246）   PDF    Knowledge map    Save The Weibo platform is a social space for interaction and expression. This requires scholars to examine, in a simultaneous fashion, communication patterns and the communicated content among Weibo users. Based on theories of 'network and culture' and relational sociology, this article contends that network fields and the communicated cultural meanings are mutually constituted. A latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) topic model and social network analysis techniques were used to examine 51,288 Weibo posts published by users concerned for workers revealing the relationship between community structures and communities' focal topics. Specifically, the result of LDA topic modeling shows that the focal topics regarding labor issues could be categorized into four groups: workers' culture (art and entertainment) and welfare; predicaments and problems; strikes (rights defending actions) and labor organizations; and institutions and labor rights. Analysis of interaction patterns among users resulted in the identification of five major online communities which, based on the primary communicated topics within communities, were labeled as the Labor Homeland Community; Labor Culture Community; Labor Rights Protection Community; Labor Interest Concerned Community; and Labor Institution Concerned Community. The results also showed two new trends in relation to labor issues: first, workers' culture and their integration into urban life have garnered increasing online attention with the growth of new generation workers; and second, the Weibo platform provides an interaction channel for labor researchers and labor non-governmental organizations, and such interaction facilitates the latter to critically reflect the current conditions or plights of workers from an institutional/structural perspective. This article concludes with a discussion about the significance of utilizing big data analytics to study online culture and social mentality. Related Articles | Metrics

2018, Vol.4, No.4

Select

征稿启事 Chinese Journal of Society    2018, 4 (4): 594-.   Abstract （186）   Knowledge map    Save Chinese Journal of Sociology（简称：CJS），2015年3月创刊，季刊，是由上海大学主办、普林斯顿大学当代中国研究中心协办、SAGE出版发行的高水平的国际化英文学术期刊，全程执行双向匿名评审。 CJS注重理论研究、定量研究与质性研究之间的平衡。通过集结国内外相关领域的知名学者和专家，关注中国社会的本土问题，以本土和国际双重视角审视和解读中国在历史变革过程中所产生的社会问题，从而引领中国社会学的研究方向，为国际社会了解中国社会和相关文化理念提供平台，也为中国学者参与国际学术对话和交流提供机会。 CJS 2019年第1-4期现在面向全球征稿，欢迎来自包括但不限于以下领域的优质来稿： 社会公平 社会分层与流动 社会组织与治理 文化与思想变迁 城镇化与流动人口 家庭与人口研究 环境社会学 社会福利与政策 CJS的优势： 这是一本严格执行双向匿名评审的高水平英文国际期刊 优质稿件能得到来自世界顶级编委会组织的同行评议 SAGE在期刊（尤其是社会科学类期刊）运营方面拥有强大实力，能在全球范围内进行跨学科推广，文章在世界范围内的可见度高 出版周期短 已被Scopus和ProQuest数据库收录 如有疑问，请邮件联系CJS编辑部：王璐莹，luying.wang@outlook.com Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Call for Papers Chinese Journal of Society    2018, 4 (4): 593-.   Abstract （157）   Knowledge map    Save The Chinese Journal of Sociology (CJS) is a peer-reviewed, international journal issued by Shanghai University and administrated by SAGE Publications, with the aim of building an academic platform for in-depth discussion of the issues facing contemporary Chinese society from a sociological perspective. The journal strives to promote academic communication, research collaboration, and resource sharing, both inside and outside China. The Chinese Journal of Sociology is calling for papers for the 2019 volume. Rigorous research articles and innovative theoretical essays on the following topics are highly welcomed: Social stratification or social inequality; Social movements; Social organizations and social governance; Cultural and ideological change; Migration, migrant workers and urbanization; Family and demographic studies; A sociological understanding of the environment; Social security and social policy. The Chinese Journal of Sociology is a peer-reviewed international journal of Shanghai University and the Paul and Marcia Wythes Center on Contemporary China at Princeton University. Benefits of publishing include: Rigorous peer review of your research, led by a world-class editorial board; High visibility on the award-winning SAGE Journals platform; Prompt publishing and quick first decision times; Indexing in Scopus and ProQuest; A guaranteed targeted, multidisciplinary audience. If you have any questions, please email Luying Wang at the CJS editorial office: luying.wang@outlook.com. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

The system of special commissioners and the early labor movement of the Communist Party of China: Illustrated by the history of the Anyuan workers' movement (1921-1925) Xuejun Ma Chinese Journal of Society    2018, 4 (4): 565-592.   DOI: 10.1177/2057150X18803586 Abstract （144）   PDF    Knowledge map    Save Existing literature on the Communist Party of China (CPC)-led labor movement places particular emphasis on the revolutionary discourse and analysis of class struggle but pays less attention to the organizational form of the CPC-led labor movement from the perspective of organizational sociology. This paper uses the early Anyuan labor movement as its case study and analyzes and compares the work effectiveness of CPC special commissioners, Li Lisan and Liu Shaoqi, for the purpose of exploring the organizational form of the system of special commissioners in the CPC-led labor movement. Although Anyuan was an important early base of the workers' movement of the CPC, the existing research contributes little on the subject of its historical process and the organizational form of the CPC-led Anyuan labor movement. This paper argues that Li Lisan created the Anyuan labor movement using his own personal resources, but his successor Liu Shaoqi failed to sustain the Anyuan movement. It shows that the system of special commissioners in the CPC was responsible for the rise and fall of the Anyuan labor movement. In the early stages of the CPC-led labor movement, neither the class consciousness of the workers nor the will of the central CPC committee determined the progress of the labor movement. Rather, this depended on the personal resources of the CPC special commissioners. The actual work effectiveness of special commissioners was related not only to their personal resources, but also to the commissioners' positions in the CPC. The special commissioner system caused tension between the CPC unified leadership and individual commissioners. This led to the complex question of the relationship between professional revolutionary organizations and the masses in revolution. Specific analysis of the early system of special commissioners of the CPC helps us to focus on the organization of the CPC-led labor movement and also to understand the early forms of organizational development and evolution of the CPC. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Intergenerational housing asset transfer and the reproduction of housing inequality in urban China Ling Zhu Chinese Journal of Society    2018, 4 (4): 453-480.   DOI: 10.1177/2057150X18792835 Abstract （160）   PDF    Knowledge map    Save After the massive commodification of urban housing in the 1990s, housing inequality is now a major source of wealth inequality in urban China. Previous studies of housing inequality have rarely explored the extent and mechanisms of intergenerational housing inequality reproduction. This study fills this gap and examines how intergenerational housing asset transfer affects housing status in contemporary urban China. An analysis of data from the 2006 Chinese General Social Survey yields two important findings. First, ascribed factors such as parental social status have a greater influence than individuals' own social status on their housing status. Second, intergenerational housing asset transfer has become an important mechanism of housing inequality reproduction. Elite parents are more likely to provide transferred assets, which prevents their downward-mobilised children from changing their relative housing status. Against the backdrop of rising wealth inequality in China, this study illustrates how the intergenerational transmission of economic resources is becoming an increasingly important mechanism of inequality reproduction. Related Articles | Metrics

2018, Vol.4, No.3

Select

The Chinese Communist Party's integration policy towards private business and its effectiveness: An analysis of the Ninth National Survey of Chinese Private Enterprises Jun Ma and Xuan He Chinese Journal of Society    2018, 4 (3): 422-449.   DOI: 10.1177/2397002218782636 Abstract （141）   PDF    Knowledge map    Save Since the Chinese economic reform, the Communist Party of China (CPC) has gradually moved toward a separation of the party-state from society, manifested in the withdrawal of party power from many areas of society and the growing new power of private enterprises. The CPC has actively reformed itself as it has evolved from a revolutionary party into a governing party. The party's support of and collaboration with private enterprises, a powerful and indispensable force in the Chinese economy, is a good example of such a change. Instead of focusing on political acceptance and organizational infiltration as most of the existing studies have done, this paper examines the political incorporation of the CPC's integration policy towards private enterprises. Theoretical analysis, supported by case studies, indicates that the relationship between the ruling party and private businesses is not, contrary to common understanding, unidirectional absorption and penetration by the Party. Instead, it is an interdependent and mutually beneficial relationship. A further empirical examination of the Ninth National Survey of Private Enterprises confirms that private businesses that have set up CPC organizations or have owners who are themselves CPC members identify more strongly with the ruling party policies and are more active in production expansion and long-term growth. It appears that the CPC's integration policy towards private enterprises has effectively utilized both 'top-down' organizational infiltration and 'bottom-up' political integration. In doing so, the CPC maintains its control over private enterprises. Not only does it consolidate the governing legitimacy of the Party, it also enables private businesses to fulfil its social function. The policy helps the Party successfully prevent the formation of non-institutionalized powers outside the system. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Variation in the education gradient of body weight in contemporary China Weixiang Luo and Yu Xie Chinese Journal of Society    2018, 4 (3): 301-329.   DOI: 10.1177/2057150X18782639 Abstract （148）   PDF    Knowledge map    Save Using data from the 1991-2009 China Health and Nutrition Surveys, this paper examines the temporal-spatial variation in the education gradient of body weight relative to height among Chinese adults, and how the variation is associated with levels of economic development. We find different variation patterns for men and women. For women, the education gradient in body weight shifted from being positive to being negative over time for China as a whole, as well as across regions with different levels of economic development. In contrast, for men, higher education remained consistently associated with higher body weight over the 18-year period studied in China as a whole, as well as across regions with different levels of economic development. Related Articles | Metrics

2018, Vol.4, No.2

Select

Social participation and support network patterns among marriage migrants in South Korea: Does place of residence matter? Hsin-Chieh Chang Chinese Journal of Society    2018, 4 (2): 236-261.   DOI: 10.1177/2057150X18769222 Abstract （209）   PDF    Knowledge map    Save Using the case of female marriage migrants in South Korea, one new immigrant destination hosting the majority of East Asia's marriage migrants, this article examines the associations between social participation, place of residence, and support network patterns among the six largest migrant groups (n=64,972): ethnic Koreans (Korean Chinese) born in China, Vietnamese, Han Chinese from China, and those from the Philippines, Japan, and Cambodia. The results show that both participation in community meetings and membership in non-governmental organizations are significantly associated with more types of Korean support networks and co-ethnic support networks, after controlling for demographics, immigrant characteristics, marital status, health status, perceived discrimination, and ethnicity or country of origin. Using Seoul City as a reference location, those who lived in Jeolla Province were less likely to have support networks composed of Koreans yet were more likely to have support networks of co-ethnics, after holding all other covariates constant. With the identification of significant interactions between marriage migrants' place of residence and ethnicity, stratified ordered logistic models demonstrate how place of residence matters for marriage migrants of certain ethnicities or countries of origin. In conclusion, this article demonstrates the importance and the benefits of social participation for marriage migrants as a pathway to building support networks of local people and co-ethnics. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Migration and marital instability among migrant workers in China: A gender perspective Weidong Li Chinese Journal of Society    2018, 4 (2): 218-235.   DOI: 10.1177/2057150X18757673 Abstract （122）   PDF    Knowledge map    Save This paper presents an examination of how migration affects the marital stability of migrant workers, whether there is gender difference in migrant workers' marital instability, and whether there is gender difference in the determinants of migrant workers' marital stability. Poisson regression analysis of survey data related to Guangzhou rural-urban migrant workers showed that there is gender difference in marital instability, and that female migrant workers have a higher level of marital instability than male migrant workers. Migrating unaccompanied, inter-provincial migration, distance between the hometown of spouse from husband's family's location, and non-traditional gender views were found to be positively related to migrant workers' marital instability. Some of these influences are mediated by marital satisfaction. In addition, the influence on marital instability of migrating unaccompanied, and distance between the hometown of spouse and husband's family's location were identified as more important for female migrant workers, while the influence of inter-provincial migration on marital instability is more important for male migrant workers. It was determined that there are gender differences in the influence of wife's income and gender views: the wife's income relates positively to male migrant workers' marital stability, but negatively to female migrant workers’ marital stability. The results show that migration has a stronger influence on female migrant workers' perceptions of marital instability. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Assimilation of China's rural-to-urban migrants: A multidimensional process Zhenxiang Chen and Kayuet Liu Chinese Journal of Society    2018, 4 (2): 188-217.   DOI: 10.1177/2057150X18764232 Abstract （155）   PDF    Knowledge map    Save This study explores the multidimensional process of assimilation in rural-to-urban migration in China. We distinguish between (a) intrinsic acculturation—the adoption of values; (b) extrinsic acculturation—the adoption of observable traits such as language; and (c) structural assimilation—the achievement of socio-economic status comparable to that of locals. Cross-provincial analysis shows that there are substantial variations in the social and economic distances faced by migrants across provinces. Our novel acculturation/assimilation measures take into account the different cultural and socioeconomic distances faced by migrants with heterogeneous places of origin and destinations. Hypothetical measurement errors are used in a robust hierarchical regression analysis to assess the potential effect of self-selection. Analyses of the Chinese General Social Survey 2012–2013 show that extrinsic acculturation typically takes place later than structural assimilation, while intrinsic acculturation can fail to happen despite a long stay. Assimilation is not guaranteed; only some rural-to-urban migrants, particularly those with high levels of education, from families of high socio-economic status, and interacting with friends and neighbors, manage to assimilate across all three dimensions. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Elderly population changes in small- and medium-sized cities in China, 1982-2000 Yiqing Gan and Eric Fong Chinese Journal of Society    2018, 4 (2): 167-187.   DOI: 10.1177/2057150X18764867 Abstract （125）   PDF    Knowledge map    Save China has been experiencing large-scale internal migration since the 1980s. Existing research studies have paid great attention to the migrant's adaptation process in large cities and the issue of left-behind children in rural areas, while the demographic consequences of internal migration to small- and medium-sized cities have been surprisingly omitted. Our study takes the initial step of exploring elderly representation changes in small- and medium-sized cities from 1982 to 2000. We derived elderly representation changes in cities in six provinces both in 1982-1990 and 1990-2000 from censuses, and examined how a city's total population size, distance from large cities and gross domestic product performance relate to its elderly representation. Findings show that smaller cities with better economic performance that are closer to large national cities are more prone to age rapidly. This association only applies to the 1990-2000 period. Implications of these findings are discussed. Related Articles | Metrics

2018, Vol.4, No.1

Select

Labor market integration of non-Chinese immigrants in Hong Kong from 1991 to 2011: Structure of global market or White privilege? Yuying Tong, Wenyang Su and Eric Fong Chinese Journal of Society    2018, 4 (1): 79-108.   DOI: 10.1177/2057150X17748533 Abstract （471）   PDF    Knowledge map    Save Previous studies of Hong Kong immigrants have largely focused on those Chinese from the mainland, and less attention has been paid to non-Chinese immigrants. As exceptions to this, a few studies have focused on the channels of non-Chinese immigrants to Hong Kong, but less research has examined their labor market outcomes. This is partly because theories about immigrants in Asia's global city are underdeveloped, and the traditional labor market assimilation theory based on the North American and European experience may not easily translate to the case of global cities in Asia. In this research, we examine the employment status, occupational rank, and earnings outcomes of Chinese and non-Chinese immigrants from the perspectives of global economic structure and White privilege. Using 5% Hong Kong census/by-census data from 1991, 1996, 2001, 2006, and 2011, we draw two major conclusions. First, in the Hong Kong labor market, immigrants from more developed countries enjoy a labor market advantage, which demonstrates the advantages of core-nation origin. In contrast, their counterparts from peripheral nations are penalized. The labor market gap between immigrants from core nations and peripheral nations grew at the turn of the 21st century but narrowed in 2006. Second, White immigrants are privileged in the Hong Kong labor market, showing that White privilege has been transmitted to a non-White-dominant society. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Live like mosquitoes: Hukou, rural-urban disparity, and depression Qiang Fu, Cary Wu, Heqing Liu, Zhilei Shi and Jiaxin Gu Chinese Journal of Society    2018, 4 (1): 56-78.   DOI: 10.1177/2057150X17748313 Abstract （145）   PDF    Knowledge map    Save Although there has been a longstanding curiosity about the socio-political consequences of China's remarkable urban-rural divide, we have yet to understand the divide's possible influence on mental health. Using data from the 2016 wave of the China Laborforce Dynamics Survey (CLDS), we find that depressive symptoms of both rural-urban migrants and rural residents are significantly higher than those of urban residents. Consistent with the fundamental-causes-of-disease and stress-exposure perspectives, results from zero-inflated negative binomial regression suggest that such differences in depressive symptoms can be attributed to socioeconomic status and proximate stressors such as unemployment, living alone, and the unaffordability of medical services. In particular, the rural-urban difference in depressive symptoms is explained away by educational attainment. A further investigation using spline Poisson regression suggests that the protective effects of the period of middle school, which vary substantially across demographic groups, are especially relevant to the rural-urban disparity in depression. We argue that hukou is a fundamental cause of disease in China and mental health is an important yet understudied area where China's salient urban-rural inequality strikes. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

What keeps China's floating population from moving? Pu Hao and Shuangshuang Tang Chinese Journal of Society    2018, 4 (1): 30-55.   DOI: 10.1177/2057150X17748296 Abstract （120）   PDF    Knowledge map    Save Research on China's internal migration has mostly focused on moving rather than staying. Urban destinations of migrants are often seen as discrete points of economic opportunity in space, exerting a magnetic force on the rural population from the countryside. But after commencing their urban lives, rural migrants start to perceive their host cities and towns as places that entail value and meaning, which may encourage them to settle. This paper examines how the settlement intentions of rural migrants vary across urban destinations and socioeconomic backgrounds. A questionnaire survey dataset of 10,896 rural migrants in cities of different tiers in Jiangsu Province is used to unravel the factors that predict rural migrants' settlement intentions. In addition, interviews with rural migrants and their family members are examined to explore the personal experiences and subjective perceptions that may contribute to their inclinations to settle in the city. Results indicate that the factors which encourage rural migrants to settle differ significantly from those which drive them to migrate. Economic and social resources and a resultant sense of (in)security are the prominent factors affecting rural migrants' intentions to settle in cities. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Socioeconomic integration of early professional Hong Kongers in Taipei, Taiwan Lan Hung Nora Chiang and Ping Lin Chinese Journal of Society    2018, 4 (1): 3-29.   DOI: 10.1177/2057150X17747507 Abstract （215）   PDF    Knowledge map    Save This study applies the thesis of privileged migration to early Hong Kongers coming to Taiwan since the early 1960s as a case study in 'North-South' migration that takes place between regions that are in different stages of economic development. Its focus is on these immigrants’ economic achievements and their social and cultural integration in the host society. Qualitative methods were used to conduct face-to-face interviews with 40 Hong Kongers ranging in age from 39 to 77, most of whom were living in Taipei. They came as overseas Chinese students, employees, and marriage and family migrants. As most had received university educations or higher, their skills and working experiences met the demands of the Taiwan job market at the time, and they had all become successfully established in a variety of white-collar professional jobs. Despite cultural differences, they had developed careers, contributed to Taiwan's economy, and integrated well, and most were not thinking of returning to Hong Kong. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

On the reproduction of gender inequality in the premium effect of the Internet on wage: A case study based on data from the Chinese Women’s Status Survey (third phase) Jiachi Zhuang, Aiyu Liu and Chao Sun Chinese Journal of Society    2018, 4 (1): 145-163.   DOI: 10.1177/2057150X17751331 Abstract （244）   PDF    Knowledge map    Save By using the Propensity Score Matching model, this study proves the existence of an Internet premium effect. After other factors are controlled, it is found that the average wage income of Internet users is 1.38 times that of non-users. At the same time, there are significant gender differences in the premium effect of the Internet on wages: Women's Internet wage premium is 90.6% that of men. Furthermore, it is found that the Internet premium effect on wages is highly related to users’ online behaviors. Compared with female users, male users are more inclined to use Internet resources to acquire knowledge and human capital; among female users, those with a greater conception of gender equality are more inclined to use the Internet for learning and accumulation of human capital. Using the framework of previous research on gender inequality in cyberspace, this study focuses on how gender perception influences Internet users' preferences and ways of using the Internet, which is an important cause and mechanism of reproduction of gender inequality in cyberspace. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Producing society or the self-producing of society? A study of an NGO's difficult situation on poverty reduction Feiyu Sun, Huijuan Chu and Yanlong Zhang Chinese Journal of Society    2018, 4 (1): 109-144.   DOI: 10.1177/2057150X17729335 Abstract （236）   PDF    Knowledge map    Save How social organizations that envision social reforms interact with existing social and political structures in their practice is key to the understanding of philanthropic organizations and their social actions in the current Chinese context. To address this issue, a 'social production' perspective was adopted and the structural features and poverty alleviation practices of a philanthropic organization, which has successfully solved the entry problem whilst clearly recognizing and maintaining its independence, were studied. The organization, with a clear vision, actionable goals, compatible and strict management as well as monitoring systems, has encountered many obstacles that are inconsistent with its goals. The organization may thus be unable to realize its goals in practice, may fall into a detached state, and even become a structural space for the reproduction of local society. This paper attempts to provide an understanding of the obstacles that this organization encountered from a 'state-society' perspective and study it by re-embedding the organization into the local social-political context. It is argued that this organization became an academically interesting entity because it illustrates the complexity of the transition process of Chinese society and provides for observation of the society's self-reproduction process. Thus the various social realities and problems observed from this organization's practices and actions can be seen as analogous to China's current political and social issues; as such it can therefore help with developing a holistic understanding of the phenomena, mechanisms and issues in China's political and social transition process. Related Articles | Metrics

2017, Vol.3, No.4

Select

Organizational mobilization, action strategy and opportunity structure: Factors affecting the results of homeowners' collective actions Zhiming Sheng Chinese Journal of Society    2017, 3 (4): 548-580.   DOI: 10.1177/2057150X17721851 Abstract （219）   PDF    Knowledge map    Save Based on perspectives of organizational mobilization, action strategy and political opportunity structure, this study systematically examines the effects of five factors — type of dispute, number of participants, rights-defending method, homeowners' organization, and government response — on the results of homeowners' collective actions by analyzing data collected from 191 cases of homeowners' rights protection activities that took place in China between 1999 and 2012. Findings include the following: (1) in administrative disputes and mixed disputes which involve government departments, homeowners are less likely to successfully protect their interests than in other types of disputes; (2) mobilizing a certain number of participants is conducive to homeowners achieving a satisfactory result, but this does not mean that the more participants are mobilized, the more likely they are to succeed in a collective protest; (3) different kinds of rights protection methods and their combinations influence the results of homeowners' rights-defending activities; (4) non-institutionalized radical actions do not help homeowners to realize their claims; (5) a well-functioning homeowners' organization which truly represents the interests of homeowners can significantly increase the success rate of a homeowners' collective action; and (6) government maladministration (improper intervention or administrative nonfeasance) severely hinders homeowners from successfully defending their legitimate rights and interests. These findings confirm the reality of a strong state and weak society in contemporary China. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Cumulative adversity, childhood behavioral problems, and educational mobility in China's poorest rural communities Wensong Shen, Li-Chung Hu and Emily Hannum Chinese Journal of Society    2017, 3 (4): 491-517.   DOI: 10.1177/2057150X17736664 Abstract （134）   PDF    Knowledge map    Save Behavioral problems are recognized as playing a potentially important role in educational attainment, but their function in contexts of extreme poverty is not well understood. In such settings, other factors might swamp any effects of children's behavioral problems. Further, the interpretation of behavioral problems in circumstances of deep poverty is not clear: problematic behaviors might be in part a direct function of adverse experiences in childhood. In this paper, we focus on the case of 2000 rural youth sampled in the year 2000 from 100 villages in Gansu, one of China's poorest provinces, and followed up through 2015. We investigate whether behavioral problems—internalizing problems, externalizing problems, and teacher-reported behavior problems—predict subsequent educational attainment among the rural poor, and consider the contributions of cumulative adversity to behavioral problems. Results in a highpoverty context where promotion decisions are closely tied to performance show that behavioral factors are linked to long-term educational outcomes. These results are robust to adjustment for a host of individual, family, and community context variables. There is some evidence that children in higher socioeconomic status families and in more developed communities are less vulnerable to experiencing behavioral problems. While girls are slightly less vulnerable to experiencing teacher-reported behavior problems than boys, there is no gender difference in the implications of behavioral problems for educational attainment. Finally, behavioral problems do not appear to operate simply as a proxy for measured family adversity. Related Articles | Metrics

2017, Vol.3, No.2

Select

Social determinants of household wealth and income in urban China Yongai Jin, Yu Xie Chinese Journal of Society    2017, 3 (2): 169-192.   DOI: 10.1177/2057150X17695689 Abstract （224）   PDF    Knowledge map    Save Using data from a nationwide household survey-the China Family Panel Studies-we study how social determinants-political and market factors-are associated with wealth and income among urban households in China. Results indicate that both political and market factors contribute significantly to a household’s economic wellbeing, but the political premium is substantially greater in wealth than in income. Further, political capital has a larger effect on the accumulation of housing assets, while market factors are more influential on the accumulation of non-housing assets. We propose explanations for these findings. Related Articles | Metrics

2017, Vol.3, No.1

Select

Higher education, elite formation and social stratification in contemporary China: Preliminary findings from the Beijing College Students Panel Survey Xiaogang Wu Chinese Journal of Society    2017, 3 (1): 3-31.   DOI: 10.1177/2057150X16688144 Abstract （131）   PDF（pc） （333KB）（163）    Knowledge map    Save Higher education plays an undoubtedly important role in promoting social mobility in modern society. Previous literatures have tended to focus on the comparison between those with college degrees and those without, treating the former as a homogeneous group and the schooling process as a 'black box.' This article introduces the background and research design of the Beijing College Students Panel Survey and analyzes the first wave of the data to investigate social stratification within the Chinese higher education system, paying special attention to the roles of family background, special admission policies, and key-point high schools in the process. Results show that while family socioeconomic status and residence locations continue to exert direct influences on the likelihood of getting into three tiers of universities (national elite universities, '211 universities' and 'non-211 universities', key-point high schools and special admissions policies serve as important mechanisms in this process. Attending key-point high schools can help students to achieve higher scores in college entrance examinations and thus to ensure equitable access to college education; special admissions policies apparently benefit those from advantaged family backgrounds. Moreover, those in the national elite universities are more likely to join the Party than their counterparts in other universities, although their intentions are lower. These findings have important implications for understanding the role of higher education in elite formation and social stratification in contemporary China. Related Articles | Metrics

Select

Back to historical views, reconstructing the sociological imagination: The new tradition of classical and historical studies in the modern Chinese transformation Jingdong Qu Chinese Journal of Society    2017, 3 (1): 135-166.   DOI: 10.1177/2057150X16686260 Abstract （129）   PDF（pc） （224KB）（95）    Knowledge map    Save Historical perspectives are a means of reconstructing the sociological imagination, as classical sociologists did. There are many historical dimensions in Karl Marx's social studies: dialectical analysis of the present as history; reconstructed narratives of historical events; and finally, evolution of family, ownership, state, and social formations. Likewise, in order to understand the reality of Chinese society, we need to examine the transformation of modern Chinese social thought and its contexts. By reinterpreting the Theory of the Three Epochs from the classic Spring and Autumn Annals, Kang Youwei proposed that the establishment of the Idea of Cosmic Unity as the universal value for world history and the building of the Confucian religion for the cultivation of mores had resulted in the successful transformation of Chinese society from the Era of War to the Era of Peace. In contrast, Zhang Taiyan upheld the tradition of 'Six Classics are all Histories' and furthered the academic change of focus from classics to history, which Wang Guowei and Chen Yinque carried out. Through the method of synthetical deduction in the social sciences, Wang Guowei interpreted classics historically in Institutional Change in the Yin and Zhou Dynasties, confirming the original principle of the Zhou regime and etiquette on the basis of the patriarchal clan system and its emphasis on law, mores, and institutions. On the other hand, Chen Yinque thoroughly investigated the Middle Period of Chinese history from the perspectives of concourse and inter-attestation and outlined a historical landscape of interfusion between Hu and Han nationalities, the mixing of various religions, the migrations of diverse groups, and the integration of different cultures and mores. In short, there are two waves of intellectual change in the Chinese modern transformation, which together have established the new discipline of Classical and Historical Studies as well as the subsequent institutional and spiritual sources of social and political construction. Related Articles | Metrics